Nadia Massih is pleased to welcome Ian Williams, Professor of Applied Environmental Science in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences at the University of Southampton, UK. He argues that Europe’s current heatwave should not be understood as an exceptional weather event but as evidence of a new climatic reality shaped by anthropogenic warming. While acknowledging that adaptation measures can significantly reduce mortality and social disruption, he maintains that increasingly intense heat extremes are ultimately driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Williams presents France as a notable case study in climate adaptation, citing its post-2003 reforms as among the most comprehensive heat governance frameworks in Europe. However, he also stresses that even the best-prepared societies face mounting challenges as climate change amplifies the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events.
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